Sources
Every source, in our words. Checked means read on the original page. Unverified means seen only in a search summary or a report about it; do not rely on it until checked.
Research and reports
| Source | Date | What it says | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| CCDH and Human Rights Campaign, “Digital Hate” | 2022 | 989,547 tweets in January to July 2022 used slurs such as “groomer” about LGBTQ+ people; “grooming” talk rose 406% in the month after Florida’s “Don’t Say Gay or Trans” law | Checked |
| CCDH, “The Musk Bump” | 2022 | Tweets using one transphobic slur rose 62%, from 3,159 to 5,117 a day, after Twitter changed owner | Checked |
| ISD, online extremist targeting of LGBTQ+ communities | 2025 | Over 97,000 anti-LGBTQ+ posts from more than 1,000 violent extremist channels, August 2024 to January 2025; targeted hate doubled around the US election; anti-trans content rose to 46% | Checked |
| DFRLab, Doppelganger and the US election | Sept 2024 | A fake LGBTQ+ outlet run by the Russian operation Doppelganger filed stories under “Trans youth”, “Athletes”, “Woke Wars” and other topics | Checked |
| EUvsDisinfo, Moldova | 2025 | Pro-Kremlin messaging about “NATO forcing an LGBTIQ+ agenda” and “the CIA undermines traditional values” | Recheck: noted in earlier research, link not recorded |
| Mendelsohn, Le Bras, Choi and Sap, “From Dogwhistles to Bullhorns”, ACL 2023 | 2023 | A glossary of 340 English dog whistles, 73 of them transphobic (for example “sex-based rights”), in juliamendelsohn/dogwhistles (MIT). Most terms have more common ordinary meanings; transphobic ones were the hardest for GPT-3 to recognise, and dog whistles lower toxicity scores | Checked (paper) |
| TransActual, Trans Lives 2025 | Mar 2026 | Online survey of 4,008 trans people in the UK (Dec 2024 to Jan 2025): 99% said media transphobia affected their mental health or dysphoria; 99% had seen or heard politicians express transphobic views. Sampling and weighting not described | Checked |
| Robert Court, Edinburgh Staff Pride Network blog | 5 Jul 2023 | Nine gender-critical dog whistles, including “Protect Single Sex Spaces”, “Defending Sex Based Rights”, “Keep Prisons Single Sex”, “Sex Matters” and “Exploratory therapy”. Cites no sources; the author’s views, not the university’s | Checked |
| Transvox podcast, Gillian Russell and Jenny Harvey | 22 Mar 2025 | Discusses dog whistles in anti-trans discourse: “women and girls”, “sex matters”, “biological sex”, “adult human female”, “trans identifying”, and bad-faith questions about “protecting single-sex spaces”. Transcript on the page | Checked |
| TransActual, Transphobia | undated | Explains overt and “dogwhistle” transphobia: “adult human female”, “protect women’s rights” campaigns against toilet access, “trans identified males”, “contagion”, “provoke and publicise” | Checked |
| Barnard College Library, TERFs in the Stacks FAQ | updated 13 May 2026 | Keywords for identifying TERF materials: “gender critical”, “sex-based feminism”, “transgenderism”, “gender eugenics”, “sex realist feminism”. No definitions or sources | Checked |
| European Parliament study on anti-LGBTIQ disinformation | — | — | Unverified: seen only in a summary |
Reporting
| Source | Date | What it says | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| The 74 | 14 Dec 2023 | A New York City education council member wrote “There is no such thing as trans kids” in a parents’ group chat; the education department called it “despicable” | Checked |
| LGBTQ Nation, Gwendolyn Smith | 11 Apr 2019 | Christine Burns MBE on the myth that vaginoplasty leaves a wound that must be kept from closing | Checked |
| Burns tracing the “wound” claim to Germaine Greer’s The Whole Woman | — | — | Unverified: from a search summary |
| TransActual | 28 Jul 2026 | NHS England is prioritising “sex observed at birth” in patient records without consultation; TransActual says the format was demanded by gender-critical activists | Checked |
| TransActual | 15 Sep 2026 | Workplace experiences after the EHRC draft Code; 49% of Trans Lives 2025 respondents had faced transphobia from colleagues | Checked |
| TransActual | 15 Oct 2026 | Press release: NHS England’s single-sex wards guidance leaves staff unsure how to care for trans patients; “putting politics over patient care” | Checked |
| TransActual | 12 Aug 2026 | Launch of the Trans Lives Survey 2026, open to trans people over 18 in the UK | Checked |
| TransActual, Know Your Rights | updated 12 Sep 2026 | UK trans people’s rights after the April 2025 Supreme Court ruling and the updated EHRC Code: “single-sex” and “separate-sex” services are Equality Act provisions; providers are not obliged to exclude trans people; “biological sex” is a term TransActual would not use. General information, not legal advice | Checked |
| Erin in the Morning, Erin Reed | 11 Oct 2024 | Calls “boys in girls’ sports” a common Republican anti-trans dogwhistle; gives no source for the label | Checked |
| Erin in the Morning, s. baum | 23 Apr 2025 | The HeCheated and SheWon lists of presumed-trans athletes are largely uncorroborated or wrong; SheWon was announced on Ovarit; repeated by a US senator, a UN rapporteur’s report and national media | Checked |
| Erin in the Morning, s. baum | 28 Apr 2025 | Ovarit, the invite-only forum that grew out of r/GenderCritical after Reddit banned it in 2020, closed on 27 April 2025 | Checked |
| Erin in the Morning, s. baum | 5 Feb 2026 | Calls “transgender ideology” and “gender ideology” far-right dog whistles, citing Human Rights Watch | Checked |
| Transitics, Aleksandra Vaca | — | News on policy, courts and politicians affecting trans people; recent archive (Aug to Oct 2026) has no piece on online communities yet | Checked (archive page) |
| Transitics, Aleksandra Vaca | 19 Sep 2025 | After Charlie Kirk’s killing, right-wing figures escalated anti-trans proposals; “transgender extremist” moved from a right-wing media dog whistle toward legal use (an FBI label for trans suspects; the Heritage Foundation’s proposed “TIVE”) | Checked |
| Transitics, Aleksandra Vaca | 11 Feb 2026 | After the Tumbler Ridge shooting, public figures blamed trans people as a group; calls the “trans violence” narrative a hoax, citing FactCheck.org that trans people were behind under 0.1% of mass shootings since 2013 | Checked (the FactCheck.org analysis itself not yet read) |
| GLAAD, “gender ideology” | — | Glossary entry on the term | Unverified: not opened |
Reference libraries
| Source | What it holds | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Beth’s Anti-Transphobia Library | Gender-critical arguments and rebuttals, glossary, figureheads, “Recycled Homophobia”, propaganda films, and a summary of 52,401 Twitter accounts reported as transphobic | Checked (site structure, glossary, GC Arguments list) |
| Beth’s Transphobia Glossary | Entries include “Tranny / Troon” (slurs) and “Zippertits” | Checked |
| Beth’s GC Arguments | 32 argument pages, including sports, “clash of rights”, ROGD, AGP, “What is a woman?” | Checked (list of pages) |
Data
| Source | What it gives | Notes |
|---|---|---|
Twitter API post counts (/2/tweets/counts) |
Hourly or daily counts of posts matching a search, no posts returned | Pay-per-use, about $0.005 per request for the last 7 days, $0.01 for the archive |
Bluesky public search (app.bsky.feed.searchPosts) |
Up to 100 posts per request without login | Free; exact counts when a period has fewer than 100 posts |